Aviation is at a turning point. As global pressure to reduce emissions intensifies, the European Union has introduced the ReFuelEU Aviation policy—an ambitious step toward a sustainable future for air travel. While sustainability in aviation has long been a challenge, this policy introduces a structured and forward-thinking approach to reducing carbon emissions without compromising industry growth.
Understanding ReFuelEU Aviation
ReFuelEU Aviation is a key initiative under the European Union’s Fit for 55 package, which aims to cut net greenhouse gas emissions by 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. The policy focuses on one crucial aspect—the widespread adoption of SAF across EU airports.
While many sustainability policies in aviation have struggled with implementation, ReFuelEU stands apart by enforcing clear targets, progressive mandates, and strong compliance measures.
Key Requirements Under ReFuelEU Aviation
This policy is more than just an incentive program—it is a structured plan that mandates change. Here are its four most important elements:
1. A Progressive Increase in SAF Use
ReFuelEU Aviation mandates a gradual increase in the use of Sustainable Aviation Fuel. Airlines will need to blend:
- 2% SAF by 2025
- 6% by 2030
- 70% by 2050
This steady ramp-up ensures that fuel producers and airlines can transition without disrupting operations. It also encourages investment in SAF production, making it more commercially viable.
2. Eliminating Tankering Practices
One of the lesser-known but impactful parts of ReFuelEU Aviation is its rule against fuel tankering—a practice where airlines carry extra fuel to avoid refueling at airports with higher fuel costs.
While this strategy may save money, it increases aircraft weight, leading to higher fuel burn and emissions. The policy now requires that at least 90% of the yearly aviation fuel uplifted at a given EU airport must match actual fuel requirements, effectively discouraging tankering and reducing unnecessary emissions.
3. Expanding SAF Eligibility
Not all sustainable fuels are created equal. The policy defines which fuels qualify as SAF, ensuring that only certified biofuels, synthetic aviation fuels, and renewable fuels of non-biological origin are considered.
By setting strict sustainability and emissions-saving criteria, ReFuelEU encourages the production of fuels that offer real environmental benefits. The policy also caps SAF use at 70% in total aviation fuel consumption, allowing room for further technological advancements.
4. Mandatory Reporting and Compliance
Aviation operators must submit verified reports on SAF usage and fuel uplift practices, starting in 2025. These reports will be reviewed by third-party verifiers and submitted to national authorities.
This transparency ensures compliance and holds both airlines and fuel suppliers accountable. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has introduced a dedicated reporting portal to simplify the submission process.
What Happens if Airlines Do Not Comply?
Unlike voluntary initiatives, ReFuelEU Aviation has strict penalties for non-compliance.
- Airlines that fail to meet SAF blending requirements will face penalties set at twice the yearly average price of conventional jet fuel, multiplied by the SAF shortfall.
- Fuel suppliers will also be held accountable for failing to meet SAF production and distribution targets.
These measures make it financially unsustainable for airlines and suppliers to ignore SAF adoption.
Why ReFuelEU Aviation Matters
A Step Towards Carbon Neutrality
The aviation industry contributes 2-3% of global CO2 emissions, and decarbonization has been difficult due to technological constraints. ReFuelEU’s SAF adoption strategy could reduce aviation emissions by more than 60% by 2050 compared to 1990 levels.
Improved Air Quality Around Airports
SAF blends produce fewer pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). This benefits communities near airports, improving air quality and public health.
Encouraging Innovation in SAF Production
By creating a long-term demand for SAF, the policy incentivises fuel producers to invest in research, improve production efficiency, and scale SAF production. This could reduce costs over time and make SAF more accessible for airlines worldwide.
Final Thoughts
ReFuelEU Aviation is not just another regulatory framework—it is a transformative policy that sets a clear path for sustainable aviation. Unlike past sustainability efforts, it creates a structured and enforceable transition to SAF, ensuring that airlines take real steps toward reducing their environmental impact.
As the aviation industry navigates this transition, collaboration between airlines, fuel producers, and policymakers will be key to achieving long-term success. The future of aviation is changing, and ReFuelEU Aviation is leading the way.